摘要
为探讨东南太平洋茎柔鱼 (Dosidicus gigas)种群遗传多样性及其与生境因子的关系,利用线粒体CO Ⅰ基因,结合冗余分析和Mantel检验,对大、中、小3种表型群体的遗传多样性及生境因子的影响进行分析。结果显示,茎柔鱼群体总体单倍型多样性 (Haplotype diversity, Hd)为0.455、核苷酸多样性 (Nucleotide diversity,π)为0.001 1,呈现高Hd和低π的特点。群体间遗传分化系数 (Fst)小于0.05,基因流 (Nm)大于1,群体内变异占比高达99.14%。遗传数据表明,群体曾经历历史扩张事件,时间约为46 700年前。冗余分析和Mantel检验结果显示,群体地理距离与平均遗传距离相关性较弱,纬度 (Latitude, lat)、海表面温度 (Sea surface temperature, SST)、海面盐度 (Sea surface salinity, SSS)、酸碱度 (pH)是显著影响茎柔鱼种群遗传多样性的生境因子 (P<0.05),且不同表型群体受不同的生境因子的影响。研究表明,茎柔鱼3种表型群体间未发生显著的遗传分化,生境因子对3种表型群体的遗传多样性具有显著影响。本研究可为保护和管理茎柔鱼种群提供重要参考。
茎柔鱼 (Dosidicus gigas) 为大洋性经济头足类,资源丰
东南太平洋茎柔鱼栖息地分布广泛,所栖息环境多变复
线粒体基因标记是研究动物群体遗传学、遗传进化学和遗传地理学的理想标
实验用茎柔鱼为观察员在东南太平洋公海随机采集。样本冷藏后运回上海海洋大学实验室,根据性成熟后的胴长将其分成大、中、小3种表型组,每组样品30尾,采集肌肉组织,于-80 ℃保存。样本详细信息见
表型 Phenotype | 经度 Longitude | 纬度 Latitude | 雌性尾数 Number of females/尾 | 雄性尾数 Number of males/尾 | 采样年份 Sampling date | 胴长 Mantle length/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大表型 Large | 75°06′W~81°59′W | 14°40′S~19°58′S | 21 | 9 | 2022—2023 | 640~904 |
中表型 Medium | 78°23′W~110°30′W | 00°31′S~18°39′S | 7 | 23 | 2022 | 279~430 |
小表型 Small | 78°23′W~109°14′W | 00°00′S~18°39′S | 3 | 27 | 2022 | 222~262 |
研究中涉及的环境因子主要包括海表面温度 (Sea surface temperature, SST)、海表面盐度 (Sea surface salinity, SSS)、酸碱度 (pH)、叶绿素a质量浓度 (Chlorophyll-a mass concentration, Chl.a)、海表面高度 (Sea surface height, SSH)、溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen, DO),环境数据来源于哥白尼数据空间生态系统(Copermicus data space ecosytem ;http://dataspace.copernicus.eu),时间范围为2022—2023年,空间范围覆盖整个实验样品的经纬度区域。地理因子主要为纬度 (Latitude, lat)和经度 (Longitude, lon),地理数据来源于舟山宁泰远洋渔业有限公司和明翔远洋渔业有限公司。
CO Ⅰ基因扩增引物参照刘连为
PCR反应体系为50 μL:PCR Mix 25 μL,ddH2O 20 μL,上下游引物各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL。
PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性2 min;94 ℃变性1 min,58 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72 ℃最后延伸2 min。反应完毕后,扩增产物使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。
在MEGA v11中校正测序后的序列,并计算序列特性参数:突变位点数 (Variable sites, V)、简约信息位点数 (Parsimony-informative site, Pi)、保守位点数 (Conserved sites, C
使用Arlequin v3.5.2.2软件,通过Tajima's D和Fu's Fs中性检验以及群体错配分布 (Mismatch distribution),推断种群历史动
(1) |
式中:为错配分布参数;为分析序列的突变量;为自扩张时
突变量的计算公式:
(2) |
式中:为CO Ⅰ的基因突变率,本研究参照SANCHEZ
以Hd和π为响应变量,生境因子为解释变量,通过去趋势对应分析 (Detrended correspondence analysis, DCA
Mantel检验中,利用R v4.4.1的ape包计算不同表型群之间的平均遗传距离;用geosphere包计算不同表型群之间的地理距离,并通过vegan包对平均遗传距离和地理距离进行空间自相关分析。
PCR扩增得到茎柔鱼的CO Ⅰ基因片段,经测序和校对,获得563 bp线粒体CO Ⅰ基因片段。结果显示,A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为28.6%、36.7%、15.4%、19.3%,其中A+T含量(65.3%)明显高于G+C含量(34.7%)。在90条CO Ⅰ基因片段中检测到突变位点11个 (1.95%)、简约信息位点3个 (0.53%)、保守位点549个 (97.52%)。
东南太平洋茎柔鱼3种不同表型群的遗传多样性参数见
表型 Phenotype | 样本数 Sample size | 单倍型数 H | 单倍型多样性 Hd | 核苷酸多样性 π |
---|---|---|---|---|
大表型 Large | 30 | 6 | 0.455±0.106 | 0.001 9±0.000 3 |
中表型 Medium | 30 | 7 | 0.508±0.108 | 0.001 0±0.002 7 |
小表型 Small | 30 | 6 | 0.411±0.110 | 0.000 9±0.002 6 |
总计 Total | 90 | 19 | 0.455±0.064 | 0.001 1±0.003 9 |
大、中、小3种表型群的Fst值在0.005 5~0.030 2,统计检验均不显著(P>0.05),各群体间的Nm均远大于1 (
表型 Phenotype | 大表型 Large | 中表型 Medium | 小表型 Small |
---|---|---|---|
大表型 Large | - | 8.04 | 19.73 |
中表型 Medium | 0.030 2(P>0.05) | - | 45.45 |
小表型 Small | 0.012 5(P>0.05) | 0.005 5(P>0.05) | - |
进化树和单倍型的分布均能反映群体间的基因交流。由NJ进化树可见,3种表型群茎柔鱼个体之间并没有完全分离,而是交错分布 (

图1 NJ进化树 (a) 和单倍型网络图 (b)
Fig.1 NJ phylogenetic tree (a) and haplotype network diagram (b)
H1~H13为13种不同的单倍型序列类型,圆的面积和单倍型的频率成正比。
H1–H13 represent 13 different haplotype sequence types, and the area of the circle is proportional to the frequency of the haplotype.
中性检验结果显示,3种表型群茎柔鱼的Fu's Fs和Tajima's D均为负值,且均呈显著差异 (P<0.05)。因此,东南太平洋的茎柔鱼种群可能经历过扩张事件。
由

图2 茎柔鱼3个群体的错配分布曲线
Fig.2 Mismatch distribution graphs of the three populations of Dosidicus gigas
用RDA分析茎柔鱼遗传多样性变量和环境因子的关系。结果显示,茎柔鱼种群Hd与Chl.a呈正相关,与其他因子呈负相关;π与SST呈负相关,与其他环境因子呈正相关 (

图3 遗传多样性变量与环境因子(a)和地理因子(b)的RDA分析
Fig.3 RDA analysis of genetic diversity variables with environmental factors (a) and geographic factors (b)
生境因子 Habitat factors | 解释率 Interpretation rate/% | 贡献率 Contribution rate/% | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
纬度 lat | 23.0 | 94.1 | 26.2 | 0.002 |
经度 lon | 1.4 | 5.9 | 1.7 | 0.178 |
酸碱度 pH | 19.3 | 62.0 | 21.0 | 0.002 |
海表面盐度 SSS | 4.4 | 14.2 | 5.0 | 0.016 |
海表面温度 SST | 3.0 | 9.6 | 3.5 | 0.050 |
海表面高度 SSH | 2.7 | 8.8 | 3.3 | 0.064 |
溶解氧 DO | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 0.334 |
叶绿素a质量浓度 Chl.a | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.302 |
对茎柔鱼遗传多样性与地理因子的关系进行冗余分析,发现茎柔鱼种群Hd与lon呈正相关,与lat呈负相关;π与lat呈正相关,和lon呈负相关 (
根据茎柔鱼种群平均遗传距离和地理距离 (
表型 Phenotype | 大表型 Large | 中表型 Medium | 小表型 Small |
---|---|---|---|
大表型 Large | - | 2 360.47 | 2 212.14 |
中表型 Medium | 0.001 1 | - | 1 428.56 |
小表型 Small | 0.001 0 | 0.001 0 | - |
茎柔鱼是中国鱿钓渔业重要的捕捞对象,其栖息环境多变复杂,研究东南太平洋3种表型群茎柔鱼的遗传多样性有助于揭示其适应性进化及种群动态,从而为资源管理和保护提供科学依据。线粒体CO Ⅰ基因是研究动物种群遗传多样性和进化关系的常用标记基因,CO Ⅰ基因变异率适中,能够反映种间和种内的遗传差
我们发现H1单倍型连接其他单倍型,是茎柔鱼群体的主单倍型,且Nm远远大于1,说明茎柔鱼种群间存在频繁的基因交流,这与刁乐
遗传多样性是物种不断适应环境和进化的结果,遗传多样性越高,生物群体对环境的适应能力越
此外,研究还发现,茎柔鱼种群的遗传距离基本不受地理距离的影响,可能是由于茎柔鱼种群频繁的基因流动,减弱了地理距离对遗传距离的影响。一般来说,海洋生态系统由于缺乏明显的物理屏障来阻碍种群间的游动和基因交流,海洋生物通常被认为没有明显的地理分
本研究利用线粒体CO Ⅰ基因研究东南太平洋3种表型群茎柔鱼的遗传多样性,并分析了生境因子与其遗传多样性的关系,以期更好地理解茎柔鱼的环境适应能力和制定有效的保护策略。研究表明,大、中、小3种表型群茎柔鱼间不存在显著的遗传分化,遗传变异大多存在于群体内,群体之间有频繁的基因交流;茎柔鱼的表型及遗传多样性与生境因子密切相关,不同表型群体在不同的生境条件下呈现不同的适应能力,其中SST、pH、SSS、lat等生境因子对茎柔鱼种群的遗传多样性存在显著影响。综上所述,在开发和管理茎柔鱼种群时,应当综合考虑茎柔鱼表型、分布及栖息环境的不同,以制定更加合理的利用和保护策略。未来的研究应当继续深入探讨环境变化(如不同群体的季节性分布和栖息深度等)对茎柔鱼表型的影响,并通过多样化的遗传标记方法和分析技术进一步揭示环境因子与茎柔鱼遗传多样性之间的复杂关系。
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