美国对中国远洋渔业实施“长臂管辖”的动因、实质与应对

The US's "long-arm jurisdiction" over China's distant-water fisheries:Motivation, essence and response

摘要:

在美国对华政策日益激进的背景下,为了应对美国对中国远洋渔业的“长臂管辖”,揭示美国实施“长臂管辖”的动因和实质并寻找应对方式,采用数据分析的方法对美国对中国实施“长臂管辖”的相关案例进行分析。数据分析结果显示,美国对中国远洋渔业实施“长臂管辖”的实质是实施对华竞争和维护其霸权地位。研究表明,美国实施“长臂管辖”既无事实依据,也无国际法依据。为了应对美国对中国远洋渔业滥施“长臂管辖”,中国有必要从法律层面构建体系化的反制措施。这包括通过提高《阻断外国法律与措施不当域外适用办法》的效力位阶、建立跨部门合作机制、明确豁免机制的评估标准等方式完善国内“阻断法”体系；借助《渔业法》修订契机,利用管辖权制度来完善中国海洋渔业立法的域外效力；进一步推动海警走出去,加大中国公海执法巡航范围和力度,提升中国域外综合执法能力,以保护中国的合法权益。本研究可为应对美国在远洋渔业领域对我国实施的“长臂管辖”,维护中国海洋渔业权益和渔业产业发展提供法律对策。

关键词:长臂管辖;远洋渔业;应对;美国

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the increasingly radical US policy towards China, in order to respond to the US's "long-arm jurisdiction" over China's distant-water fisheries, reveal the motivation and essence of the US's implementation of "long-arm jurisdiction" and find ways to deal with it, this article uses data analysis to analyze relevant cases of the US's implementation of "long-arm jurisdiction" over China. The results of the data analysis show that the essence of the US's implementation of "long-arm jurisdiction" over China's distant-water fisheries is to compete with China and maintain its hegemonic position. The study shows that the US's implementation of "long-arm jurisdiction" has neither factual basis nor international legal basis. In order to respond to the US's abuse of "long-arm jurisdiction" over China's distant-water fisheries, it is necessary for China to build a systematic countermeasure from a legal perspective. This includes improving the domestic "blocking law" system by improving the effectiveness of the "Measures for Blocking the Improper Extraterritorial Application of Foreign Laws and Measures", establishing a cross-departmental cooperation mechanism, and clarifying the evaluation criteria of the exemption mechanism； taking advantage of the opportunity of revising the "Fisheries Law", using the jurisdiction system to improve the extraterritorial effect of China's marine fishery legislation； further promoting the Coast Guard to go global, increase the scope and intensity of China's law enforcement patrols on the high seas, and enhance China's comprehensive extraterritorial law enforcement capabilities to protect China's legitimate rights and interests. This study can provide legal countermeasures for the "long-arm jurisdiction" imposed by the United States on China in the field of distant-water fisheries, and for safeguarding the rights and interests of China's marine fishery and the development of the fishery industry.

Key words:long-arm jurisdiction;distant-water fisheries;response;US