稻田、池塘和水库养殖鳙肌肉品质分析

Quality analysis of Aristichthys nobilis muscle cultured in rice fields， ponds and reservoirs

摘要:

为探究稻田、池塘和水库养殖鳙（Aristichys nobilis）肌肉营养品质及挥发性风味物质的差异，以3种不同养殖模式下的鳙为研究对象，分别命名为池塘鳙、稻田鳙和水库鳙，对其肌肉的常规营养成分、矿物质元素、脂肪酸、氨基酸以及挥发性风味物质进行了测定。结果显示，池塘鳙与稻田鳙的粗蛋白含量显著高于水库鳙（P<0.05）；池塘鳙的粗脂肪含量显著高于稻田鳙和水库鳙（P<0.05）。铁、钠、硒元素在稻田鳙肌肉中含量显著高于池塘鳙及水库鳙（P<0.05）。池塘鳙的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高（31.20%），而稻田鳙的饱和脂肪酸含量较高（46.05%），水库鳙则表现为多不饱和脂肪酸较高（29.83%），∑n-3/∑n-6多不饱和脂肪酸排名为稻田鳙>水库鳙>池塘鳙。在检出的18种氨基酸中，3种鳙肌肉中的氨基酸总量接近，必需氨基酸总量（EAA）占氨基酸总量的比例均在39%以上，均高于WHO/FAO模式标准（35.38%），3种鳙肌肉必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）均在86以上，稻田鳙的EAAI高于池塘鳙和水库鳙。在3种不同养殖模式的鳙肌肉中醛类挥发性物质含量为稻田鳙（1.69%）>池塘鳙（0.82%）>水库鳙（0.55%），且仅在稻田鳙中检测到了己醛，同时壬醛、葵醛的相对含量也最高，稻田鳙肌肉风味更佳。研究结果表明，3种养殖模式下的鳙肌肉营养组成丰富，富含人体所需的多种氨基酸与脂肪酸，均是优质的食物蛋白源。本研究阐明了3种不同养殖模式下鳙肌肉品质的差异，为消费者选购提供参考，也为鳙肌肉品质的改善提供基础数据。

Abstract:

Bighead carp （Aristichthys nobilis）is an important economic cultured fish. Its muscle quality is affected by different aquaculture environments. Moreover， the effect of different aquaculture models on the muscle quality of bighead crap is unclear. To explore this， we selected six bighead carp， randomly and respectively， from three different aquaculture environments： paddy field （DT）， pond （CT）， and reservoir （SK）. We analyzed their muscle composition， measuring moisture， crude ash， crude protein， crude fat， and volatile flavor compounds using methods like atmospheric drying， high-temperature ashing， Kjeldahl nitrogen determination， acid hydrolysis， and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the crude protein content of CT and DT was significantly higher than that of SK （P<0.05）. Additionally， the crude fat content of CT was significantly higher than that of DT and SK （P<0.05）.The muscles from all groups are rich in various constant and trace elements required by the human body， among which the contents of iron， manganese， sodium， and selenium are significantly higher in DT than in CT and SK （P<0.05）. The distribution of fatty acids differed among the groups types of bighead carp， with CT having a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids（31.20%）， DT showing higher saturated fatty acids（46.05%）， and SK having higher polyunsaturated fatty acids（29.83%）. The ∑n-3/∑n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was highest in DT， followed by SK and CT. We also observed similar total amino acid content among the 18 amino acids analyzed， the total amino acid content in the muscles of all three bighead carp was similar， and the proportion of total essential amino acids （EAA） to total amino acids was above 39%， surpassing the WHO/FAO model standard of 35.38%. The essential amino acid index （EAAI） was above 86 for all three groups， with DT exhibiting higher values than ST and CT. Notably， DT was found to have a better flavor profile with higher aldehyde volatile substances and lacking ketone volatile substances. Overall， the study highlighted the nutrient richness and balanced amino acid and fatty acid profiles in bighead carp muscles， making them a superior protein source across the different breeding modes. This study illstrates the nutritional benefits and balanced amino acid and fatty acid profiles in bighead carp muscles across different farming models， offering insights for consumer selection and foundational data to enhance muscle quality in bighead carp.