区域渔业管理组织关于建立IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施的比较

Comparative analysis of regional fisheries management organizations on establishing IUU fishing vessel list conservation and management measures

摘要:

IUU捕捞是当前国际社会重点关注的问题，在公海中尤为严重。各区域渔业管理组织（Regional Fisheries Management Organizations，RFMOs）也意识到在其公约海域内从事IUU捕捞活动的危害性，相继制定了IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施。重点梳理当前世界上13个RFMOs所制定的IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施，分析其对IUU捕捞定义的差异、阐述RFMOs的IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施的演变与发展，并从IUU捕捞渔船清单的制定流程和缔约方/合作非缔约方对IUU捕捞渔船采取的措施2个方面进行系统地比较分析。RFMOs在制定和实施IUU捕捞清单养护管理措施时呈现两大特点：一是对国际社会打击IUU捕捞活动起到实质性推动作用；二是成为RFMOs综合打击IUU捕捞的重要基础与前提。然而由于RFMOs成员的利益和立场不同，或者RFMOs成立的时间、背景和所管辖的海域、渔业的不同，有关IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施的内容及实施情况也存在差异，导致其约束力有限、执行力度不足，实施效果难以评估。因此为了更大程度发挥IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施的效力，一方面要扩大IUU捕捞渔船清单养护管理措施制定、实施的范围；另一方面要加强RFMOs间的合作，共同消除IUU捕捞活动。

Abstract:

IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) fishing is an issue of concern to the international community, especially in the high seas. Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) are very well aware of the harm of IUU fishing activities in their convention areas, and have developed IUU fishing vessel list for conservational and managerial measures. This paper focuses on the implementation of conservation and management measures, and analyses IUU fishing definition, and expounds the evolution of IUU fishing vessel list formulated by 13 RFMOs in the world. The paper also makes a systematic comparative analysis of IUU fishing vessel list from two main aspects:IUU fishing vessel list formulation process, and measures taken to reduce IUU by parties and cooperative nonparties. RFMOs have two characteristics in formulating and implementing IUU fishing list:one is to substantially push forward the international community's efforts to combat IUU fishing; and the other is to develop an important cooperative environment for RFMOs to comprehensively combat IUU fishing. However, due to the different interests and positions of the members of RFMOs; the different time and backgrounds of the establishment of RFMOs and the different waters and fisheries under its jurisdiction; there exist the differences in the content and implementation of the conservation and management measures for IUU fishing vessel list, resulting in its limited binding force, insufficient enforcement, and difficulties to evaluate the implementation effect. Therefore, for the conservation and management measures of IUU fishing vessel list to be effective:the necessity to expand the scope of IUU fishing vessel list formulation and implementation must be considered on one hand, while on the other hand, the necessity to strengthen the cooperation between RFMOs in order to eliminate IUU fishing activities must as well be implemented.