防控船舶压载水造成的生物入侵的管理问题

Study on ballast water management for prevention and control of invasive species introductions

摘要:

船舶压载水携带大量生物到地理隔绝水域可能引起严重的生态问题,成为引入海洋外来入侵生物的主要途径之一.2004年IMO通过了《控制和管理船舶压载水和沉积物国际公约》,制定了压载水管理的国际规则.尽管该公约尚未达到生效条件,美国、澳大利亚等国家已经开始通过国内立法单方面实施船舶压载水管理.我国现有涉及船舶压载水管理的立法主要限于防止污染和卫生防疫,尚未有从防止生物入侵的角度的专门或具体的法律规定,未能实施相应的管理.建议:(1)尽快完善船舶压载水管理立法;(2)先行要求入境船舶压载水深海置换;(3)加强港口和近岸水域本地生物本底调查;(4)加强压载水管理技术研究;(5)建立管理部门多方协调机制;(6)及早准备对本国船舶的压载水管理.

Abstract:

Ballast water may pose serious ecological problems due to the multitude of marine species transferred by ships' ballast water which may survive to establish a reproductive population in the host environment, becoming invasive, out-competing native species and multiplying into pest proportions, causing enormous damage to biodiversity. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted at a Diplomatic Conference held by IMO, 2004, developed a formulated appropriate system for ballast water management. Although the Convention has not enter into force yet, several States such as US, Australia have already taken individual action and implemented national, regional and local ballast water management regulations. In China, the current legislations relating to ballast water are mainly limited to prevent pollution and transfer of harmful pathogens, but do not prevent introductions of nonindigenous species. In this paper, we made following suggesting for ballast water management to prevent introductions of nonindigenous species: (1) perfect legislation on ballast water management as soon as possible; (2)require that vessels exchange ballast water at deep sea before entering China waters; (3)strengthen background investigation of native species in the port and coastal waters; (4)conduct technical study on ballast water management; (5)develop multiple coordination mechanism of relating government sectors; (6)prepare to carry out ballast water management for China flag vessels at the earliest possible time.